Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Escherichia coli (r E.coli ) infections can spread rapidly. Further they are associated with high morbidity mortality from treatment failure. Therapy involves multiple rounds of ineffective antibiotics alongside unwanted side effects, alternative treatments crucial. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural, vegan product that has been shown to have powerful antimicrobial activity hence we investigated whether ACV could ameliorate these bacteria. The minimum dilution required for growth inhibition was comparable both bacteria (1/25 liquid tablets at 200 µg/ml were effective against r E. MRSA). Monocyte co-culture microbes resulted in an increase monocyte phagocytosis by 21.2% 33.5% compared non-ACV treated but MRSA or rE. stimulated monocytes, respectively. Label free quantitative proteomic studies microbial protein extracts demonstrated penetrated cell membranes organelles, altering the expression key proteins. This significant reductions total expression, moreover only detect ribosomal proteins; 50 s 30 s, enolase, phosphenol pyruvate ATP synthase subunit . Elongation factor iNOS phosphoglycerate kinase OS proteins present samples following treatment.